|
The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in Southeast Asia, including Brunei, Indonesia (especially its islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan), Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, and Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines. The haze has affected Indonesia from at least late June, eventually turning into an international problem for other countries from September. It is the latest occurrence of the Southeast Asian haze, a long-term issue that occurs in varying intensity during every dry season in the region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-3 )〕 It is caused by forest fires resulting from illegal slash-and-burn practices, principally on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, which can then spread quickly in the dry season.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Land Fires: Thick Haze in Central Kalimantan Capital )〕 On 4 September 2015, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management stated that six Indonesian provinces had declared a state of emergency due to the haze; these were Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. On 14 September, a state of emergency was again declared in Riau, this time by the Indonesian government.〔 Thousands of residents of Pekanbaru, Riau's capital, fled to the nearby cities of Medan and Padang. On 24 October, the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) hit a record high of 3300, recorded in the province of Central Kalimantan.〔http://marufish.com/2015/10/24/borneo-palangkaraya-air-pollution-break-3000-points/〕 More than 28 million people in Indonesia alone are affected by the crisis, and more than 140,000 reported respiratory illness.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-needs-better-aircraft-for-water-bombing-operations )〕 The Indonesian government has estimated that the haze crisis will cost it between 300 to 475 trillion rupiah (up to US$ 35 billion or S$47 billion) to mitigate. School closures due to the haze have been implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; these affected nearly four million students in Malaysia alone. Among the events disrupted or even cancelled due to the haze were the 2015 FINA Swimming World Cup in Singapore and the Kuala Lumpur Marathon in Malaysia. The heavy rains in Sumatra and Kalimantan on the last days of October 2015 significantly reduced the size and number of fires, and improved the air quality in most affected areas.〔http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/world/asia/indonesia-forest-fire-toxic-haze.html〕〔http://news.liputan6.com/read/2353146/hujan-3-hari-usir-kepekatan-kabut-asap-di-sumatera-dan-kalimantan〕〔http://nasional.tempo.co/read/news/2015/10/28/206713917/bmkg-hujan-di-kalimantan-dan-sumatera-redakan-a〕〔http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/heavy-rain-clears-haze-as-jokowi-arrives-in-s-sumatra〕 In turn, the NEA of Singapore has stopped issuing haze advisory since November 15, 2015. == Background == Indonesia has struggled for years to contain forest fires, especially in the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. In September 2014, Indonesia ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. It is the last ASEAN country to do so. The agreement calls on Indonesia to take steps to solve the problem through its own efforts or through international co-operation, or else face legal action based on the impact of the haze on its Southeast Asian neighbours. In 2014, Singapore also passed laws that allow it to prosecute people and firms that contribute to the haze. In early August 2015, although Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam met to discuss the haze problem, Indonesia did not join the talks. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2015 Southeast Asian haze」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|